Guided Reading Activity the Ancient Greeks Lesson 5 Helenistic Era Answers

Public Historian and co-author of "Exploring American Girlhood in 50 Historic Treasures" (Rowman & Littlefield, 2021).

Defined

Hellenic studies focuses on the study of the Ancient Greeks. It likewise studies the impact of Hellenic civilization on other fourth dimension periods, such as the Medieval period, the Renaissance, and mod times. This report, however, is limited in scope to Ancient Greek civilization between 510 BCE and 323 BCE, a menstruation known as "Classical Hellenic republic."

Classical Greece is primarily characterized as a period where Aboriginal Greece was dominated by Athens. This was because many of the dominant scholars and writers of the menstruation were born in Athens, though we do take sources from other Greek city-states. The Hellenic Period occurs after what is known as the Archaic Period, the formative catamenia of Ancient Greece from the 8th century BCE (700'south BCE) to 510 BCE. In 510 BCE, the starting time democracy was created in Athens following the overthrow of the last Athenian tyrant, due to the efforts of Cleisthenes. The resulting democracy allowed for the flourishing of complimentary-thinkers and writers, producing some of the most well-known achievements in art, literature, science, philosophy, and other sciences.

Hellenistic studies focus on the study of the Ancient Greeks between 323 BCE and 146 BCE. The difference betwixt the Hellenic flow and Classical Greece lies in the date of 323 BCE: When Alexander the Keen died.

As a result of Alexander's campaigns, the Greek world was forever changed afterwards his death in 323 BCE. Alexander's campaigns had brought the Greeks into contact with a multitude of Asian cultures, and Alexander had sought to contain Greek and Macedonian cultures with the cultures he encountered - discouraging after practices of "conquer and assimilate." Thus, the Hellenistic period is characterized by changes in traditional Ancient Greek civilisation as a consequence of these contacts, so history separates the two periods.

The Hellenistic period ended when the Romans came to town. Between 146 BCE and 30 BCE, the Romans conquered the Greek world piece past slice, until finally conquering the entire Mediterranean globe in 30 BCE with the conquest of Egypt. Greek civilisation became absorbed past the Romans, beginning the "Roman Greece" period which lasted until 330 CE. After Roman Greece, Christianization of the European and Mediterranean worlds began, resulting in the terminal decline of Ancient Greece through 529 AD, when the Byzantine ruler Justinian I airtight the Neoplatonic Academy (which had been founded by the Greek philosopher Plato).

For more than information on the history of Ancient Hellenic republic, Buzzbee has created an first-class hub.

Philosophy

The Hellenic menstruation witnessed the invention of philosophy. At that place were many individual philosophers during this time, each of whom had followers that oftentimes branched out from the original philosopher'due south train of thought. Ane of the most notable works of this time is Plato's Commonwealth, which was the earliest systematic treatment of political philosophy. Other philosophers include Aristotle and Socrates.

The Hellenistic flow witnessed philosophers who focused on reason rather than the quest for truth. These philosophers possessed a cardinal regard for reason equally the primal to solving bug, and they denied the possibility of attaining truth. Instead, we see philosophers revert to a reliance on faith - accepting the disability to know truth. The major philosophical groups of this menses include the Cynics, Epicureans, Stoics, and Skeptics. Different the Hellenic period, very few individual philosophers existed independent of these schools of thought.

Literature

The Homeric epics originated during the Hellenic menstruation, reinforcing organized religion in human greatness and delighting in the beautiful aspects of life. Lyrical poetry thrived in its gentle and personal mode. Tragic dramas - such as Antigone and Oedipus - were the supreme achievement of the Hellenic world, incorporated in many outdoor festivals for audiences of thousands. And one-act, notably those by Aristophanes, lacked the politeness and subtlety of other genres.

During the Hellenistic catamenia, however, that all changed. Comedies became more alike to dramas, as evidenced in the works of Menander. Theocritus wrote pastorals that created brand-believe worlds, rather than commenting on his own. And prose became dominated past historians, biographers, and authors writing of utopia.

Comparison of the 3 Greek columns

Art

Art in the Hellenic world is what we recognize as Greek art today. Information technology embodied exuberance, cheerful sensuality, and coarse with. Marble statues and reliefs depicted homo greatness and sensuality. A notable achievement is the rise in architecture of the Doric and Ionic columns.

In the Hellenistic world, art became less "art" and more than "commodity." This shift in focus led to the creation of many "trash" works. Sculpture of the period emphasize farthermost naturalism and unashamed extravagance, rather than the former idyllic beauties and perfect Davids. The arts of this time were supported by many wealthy patrons, who used art for show rather than pursue it for its ain pleasure.  The architecture of this menses also reflected the inherent materialism of art, emphasizing grandeur and luxuriance.  However, some architectural achievements include the first lighthouse, the citadel of Alexandria, and the Corinthian column.

Scientific discipline

The Hellenic globe witnessed the nascency of many of the world's nigh well-known aboriginal scientists and theories.  In astronomy, Thales predicted a solar eclipse.  In math, Pythagorean invented his theorem.  Aristotle engaged in metaphysics and syllogism.  It was science equally we know it today: systematic investigation coupled with rational inquiry, in the pursuit of the truths of the universe.  In medicine, many scientists used philosophy rather than science.  Most "doctors" considered that regularities divorced from supernatural causes created illness and health (i.e., God doesn't similar what you did to your sis, so now y'all're sick!).  Yet, this period besides witnessed the achievements of Hippocrates, who is considered the "father" of modern medicine and invented the exercise of bleeding patients to release the toxins.

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The Hellenistic world, unlike its faults in many of the other arts, actually built upon the foundation laid by Hellenic scientists.  Considered the First Great Age of science, intellectual research was supported past wealthy patrons who helped the sciences to thrive.  The elements of geometry, physiology, and Archimedes' principle of specific gravity are only few of the many achievements of the period.  In medicine, achievements as well continued: including describing the encephalon, determining pulse and its meaning, and determining that the arteries only contain blood.

Faith

Religion in the Hellenic world derived from the debates of philosophers. There were debates over the goals of being, which mostly led to some kind of intellectual tillage and the search for the highest adept. The Ancient Greek pantheon of gods had been developed by this fourth dimension, but the nature of the pantheon left humans able to question and debate the significance of the gods and their actions.

The Hellenistic menstruum witnessed some major developments in religion. Zoroastrianism arose every bit one of the first documented monotheistic religions, with Ahura-Mazda as the unmarried god and the intercession of magi (priests) on earth. Mystery cults also permeated the menstruation, stressing ecstatic mystical union and otherworldly salvation. Mithraism, some other monotheistic organized religion, also arose in the this time flow, with the god Mithra having been born on December 24 and belongings Lord's day as a sacred day. (Does Mithra audio familiar?)

Summary

	Hellenic	Hellenistic
Time Period	510 BCE - 323 BCE	323 BCE - 146 BCE
Philosophy	Quest for truth; Individuals (Plato, Aristotle, Socrates)	Reason; Groups (Cynics, Epicureans, Stoics)
Literature	Homeric Epics; lyrical poetry; comedy	Dramas; pastorals; history, biography; utopia
Art	Exuberance, sensuality; marble statues; Doric & Ionic Columns	Commodification; naturalism; extravagance; Corinthian Cavalcade
Science	Thales, Pythagorean, Aristotle, Hippocrates	Archimedes (geometry, physiology); the body
Religion	Derived from philosophers; questioning of gods	Zoroastrianism (monotheism), Ahura-Mazda, mystery cults, Mithraism

Further Reading - Highly Illustrated

Further Reading - Newest Scholarship

Questions & Answers

Question: How did the political institutions of the Hellenistic earth differ from those of classical Greece?

Answer: The Hellenic flow is marked by a turn from the classical Greecian city-states, which were each contained of the others, and to a more than centralized government. This is because, as a issue of various wars in the 300s and 400s BCE, well-nigh of Greece came nether the control of Sparta, then Thebes, and finally Macedonia. Alexander the Neat is perhaps the all-time known Macedonian, and it was his conquests that united the Greek city-states with the rest of the earth into an empire. With empire came a huge change in politics, setting the stage for Hellenic authorization of the Mediterranean. Though Alexander was Macedonian, he was taught by and highly influenced by Classical Greek culture, and then through Alexander, the residual of the Mediterranean earth became Hellenic in diverse ways. This would last for the rest of the Hellenistic period, until Rome conquered all.

Question: How did Greek sculpture and drama change during the Hellenistic Era?

Answer: Like most Greek art, Hellenic sculpture changed from idyllic, exuberant, and cheerful sensuality in marble statues and reliefs to more of a "article." Hellenistic sculpture was more naturalistic and extravagant; with art being used to reflect wealth rather than personal gustation.

In the Hellenic period, drama was focused on tragedies, with classics like Antigone and Oedipus every bit its supreme achievements, and showcased in festivals to thousands. With the rise of the Hellenistic period, tragedy and one-act tended to merge into "dramas" as evidenced by the works of Menander and Theocritus.

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Ced Yong from Asia on Oct 21, 2016:

Very informative! Shamefully, I always thought the two terms were synonyms.

John Thompson on Baronial 08, 2016:

Hello, May I delight have your total name as I find this article very useful for my essay and I would similar to cite your work.

Tiffany Isselhardt (author) from Us on Apr ten, 2014:

Charles, this article is meant simply to focus on the traditional Greek boundaries But, and on aspects other than the traditional "social-economical-political" give-and-take. A give-and-take of the larger globe (the non-native Hellenistic globe), and the social/economical/political would be far too detailed for a single Hub. I aim to focus merely on the differences before and after Alexander the Bang-up, especially concerning the arts and sciences, as a means of introducing newcomers to the topic as well as showcasing data that you lot don't typically find in textbooks.

Aisha Darwish on Apr x, 2014:

At the 2d line of the paragraph "Hellenistic studies":

The difference between Hellenistic (and not Hellenic) catamenia and the Classical Hellenic republic.....

Charles Blitz on April 09, 2014:

This commodity ignores the Hellenistic globe outside traditional Greek boundaries. Why is there no talk of the social-economical-political differences between the Hellenic Greeks and the non-native Hellenistic world

Pindar'southward muse on February eighteen, 2012:

First-class definition. So many believe ancient Greece to exist a uniform civilization only information technology was multifaceted and very complex. Your article is very well idea out and well written. Corking to castor upwardly on these two very different ideas.

Anonemuss from Belmont, Massachusetts on October 21, 2011:

Great work. Informative and well written. I look forward to more.

Kathy from The beautiful Napa Valley, California on July 01, 2011:

Southern Muse. I feel as if I have returned to my educational days; learning more than on subjects I did not necessarily concentrate on during my HS and College education. Very well written and curtailed. I had a clue merely, certainly, not a swell amount of knowledge regarding this subject. Amazingly piece of cake to read and total of comparisons, details, etc. Excellent! I enjoyed this greatly. Up Awesome and Useful

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